The National Health Planning Commission confirmed that, at the provincial level, Shanghai was the first to achieve the goal of malaria elimination in 2017. Thus, as planned, China is on track to eliminate malaria by 2020. In 2017, for the first time, no indigenous malaria cases were reported in China. The implementation of the Action Plan of China Malaria Elimination 2010–2020 launched in July 2010 has, however, substantially alleviated the malaria burden. Malaria was once a major public health issue in China, and in the early 1970s approximately 24 million cases were reported in 24 malaria-endemic provinces. We accordingly recommend a restriction on insecticide usage and development of effective integrated pest/vector management interventions to support disease control efforts. sinensis populations in the central Chongming District indicated the high insecticide resistance status of An. However, high frequencies of target-site mutations of insecticide resistance genes were observed in most areas of Shanghai. On the basis of our assessment of insecticide resistance gene mutations in Shanghai, we identified a kdr mutation-free population in Chongming Dongtan. TTT and GGC/AGC were the dominant kdr allele and ace-1 genotype, respectively, and were prevalent in most Shanghai An. Eight kdr genotypes with 1014F and 1014C substitutions were detected in the four surveyed districts of Shanghai. A significant association was detected between the homozygous kdr mutation 1014F/1014F and pyrethroid resistance in the CM-Xinhe population, indicating that the kdr mutation is probably recessive. sinensis population near the Chongming central area (CM-Xinhe population) showed high resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates and high frequencies of kdr 1014F and 1014C (80.73%) and ace-1 119S (85.98%) alleles. sinensis population near Dongtan National Nature Reserve showed resistance to pyrethroids, sensitivity to organophosphate, no knockdown resistance ( kdr) mutations in the VGSC gene, and a low frequency (1.71%) of the ace-1 119S allele. In addition, the geographical distribution, polymorphism and genotype frequencies of insecticide resistance genes were examined using samples collected during routine mosquito surveillance in 20 from Chongming, Songjiang, Jiading and Qingpu Districts. The voltage-gated sodium channel ( VGSC) and acetylcholinesterase 1 ( ace-1) genes were partially sequenced to examine the association between resistance phenotype and target site genotype. sinensis via a bioassay of two populations from the Chongming District of Shanghai.
We examined the pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance of An. In 2017 Shanghai declared that it had eliminated malaria however, the insecticide resistance status of the primary malaria vector Anopheles sinensis remains unknown. In the final phase of China’s national programme to eliminate malaria by 2020, it is vitally important to monitor the resistance of malaria vectors for developing effective vector control strategies.
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